Papers with plug-and-play manner
Unleashing the Potential of Large Language Models through Spectral Modulation (2024.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across various domains, garnering significant attention from both academia and industry. |
| Approach: | They propose to conduct spectral modulation in the parameter space of LLMs to integrate with various models in a plug-and-play manner. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach improves performance by 10.12% with spectral modulation. |
Improve Safety Training of Large Language Models with Safety-Critical Singular Vectors Localization (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on safety training with modules such as low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to resist jailbreaks shows promise, but these approaches can inadvertently degrade a model’s general utility. |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play method that locates safety-critical singular vectors within the model's parameter space and a dynamic rank number determination strategy to reduce parameter overhead. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method mitigates the impact of safety training on model utility by explicitly locating and leveraging safety-critical singular vectors within the model’s parameter space. |
Text Style Transfer with Contrastive Transfer Pattern Mining (2023.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for text style transfer only focus on the transformation between styles, yet they do not take into account that this transformation can be achieved via different hidden transfer patterns. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel approach which automatically mines hidden transfer patterns to improve TST . they use a clustering module to automatically discover hidden transfer pattern from the data . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can be applied in a plug-and-play manner to enhance other methods to further improve their performance. |
DiffuseDef: Improved Robustness to Adversarial Attacks via Iterative Denoising (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing adversarial defense methods for natural language processing still pose challenges to adversarials. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel adversarial defense method that incorporates a diffusion layer as a denoiser between the encoder and the classifier. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method improves over existing adversarial defense methods and achieves state-of-the-art performance against black-box and white-box adversarials. |
Fine-grained Knowledge Enhancement for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (2025.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies rely on semantic similarity to retrieve knowledge but ignore fine-grained information within documents. |
| Approach: | They propose a fine-grained knowledge enhancement method to fill knowledge gaps with retrieved external information by a Chain-of-Thought prompting procedure and a decoding enhancement strategy to constrain the document-based decoding process. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method can be applied in a plug-and-play manner to enhance its performance with no additional modules or training process. |
SkewRoute: Training-Free LLM Routing for Knowledge Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation via Score Skewness of Retrieved Context (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Large language models incur high inference costs during deployment, causing hallucination . no dedicated routing methods exist for RAG, and existing training-based routers face challenges scaling to this domain . |
| Approach: | They propose a plug-and-play routing framework that optimizes performance and cost . the framework delivers over 3x higher routing effectiveness while reducing runtime to less than 0.001x . |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework delivers over 3x higher routing effectiveness while reducing runtime to less than 0.001x compared to existing methods. |
An Expert is Worth One Token: Synergizing Multiple Expert LLMs as Generalist via Expert Token Routing (2024.acl-long)
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Ziwei Chai, Guoyin Wang, Jing Su, Tianjie Zhang, Xuanwen Huang, Xuwu Wang, Jingjing Xu, Jianbo Yuan, Hongxia Yang, Fei Wu, Yang Yang
| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide spectrum of tasks, but performance and reliability in certain specialized domains still fall short of expectations. |
| Approach: | They propose a unified generalist framework that facilitates seamless integration of multiple expert LLMs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms existing multi-LLM collaboration paradigms across six diverse expert domains. |
Multi-task Adversarial Attacks against Black-box Model with Few-shot Queries (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing adversarial text attacks rely on abundant access to shared internal features and numerous queries, limited to a single task type. |
| Approach: | They propose a black-box attack that exploits the transferability of adversarial texts . they use a deep-level substitute model trained in a plug-and-play manner for text classification . |
| Outcome: | The proposed attack can target multiple tasks with minimal perturbations . it can target commercial APIs, large language models, and image-generation models . |
CFL: Causally Fair Language Models Through Token-level Attribute Controlled Generation (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods to control attributes of Language Models (LMs) for text generation are not safe, as toxicity and bias goals are opposed to each other. |
| Approach: | They propose a method to control the attributes of Language Models (LMs) for the text generation task using Causal Average Treatment Effect (ATE) scores and counterfactual augmentation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed architecture achieves state of the art performance for toxic degeneration, which are computed using Real Toxicity Prompts. |
FairQE: Multi-Agent Framework for Mitigating Gender Bias in Translation Quality Estimation (2026.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Existing QE models exhibit systematic gender bias, especially in gender-ambiguous contexts. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-agent-based, fairness-aware QE framework that mitigates gender bias in both gender-ambiguous and gender-explicit scenarios. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework mitigates gender bias in gender-ambiguous and gender-explicit scenarios while maintaining the strengths of existing models. |